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Lone Pine is a census designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States.〔 Lone Pine is located south-southeast of Independence, at an elevation of 3727 feet (1136 m).〔 The population was 2,035 at the 2010 census, up from 1,655 at the 2000 census. The town is located in the Owens Valley, near the Alabama Hills. From possible choices of urban, rural, and frontier, the Census Bureau identifies this area as "frontier". The local hospital, Southern Inyo Hospital, offers standby emergency services.〔''Licensed Healthcare Facilities, 2006'', California Department of Health Services. This area is defined as being in "California Health Service Area 12."〕 On March 26, 1872, the very large Lone Pine earthquake destroyed most of the town and killed 27 of its 250 to 300 residents. ==History== The Paiute people inhabited the Owens Valley area from prehistoric times.〔Bahr, Donald, ''The Owens Valley Epics,'' American Indian Culture and Research Journal, v31 n2 p41-68 (2007) American Indian Studies Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA〕 These early inhabitants are known to have established trading routes which extended to the Pacific Central Coast, delivering materials originating in the Owens Valley to such tribes as the Chumash.〔C. Michael Hogan, ''Los Osos Back Bay'', Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham (2008) ()〕 A cabin was built here during the winter of 1861–62.〔 A settlement developed over the following two years.〔 The Lone Pine post office opened in 1870.〔 In 1864, a geological survey team from California discovered Mt. Whitney and named the peak after the team's leader, Josiah Whitney.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Lone Pine Chamber of Commerce )〕 One member of the survey team, Clarence King, made two unsuccessful attempts at climbing the mountain. Returning in 1871, he summited what was then believed to be Mt. Whitney, but turned out to be Mt. Langley. Two years later, he returned and summited Mt. Whitney on September 19, 1873, only one month after the actual first ascent was made by three local fishermen, Charley Begole, Johnny Lucas, and Al Johnson, who reached the summit at noon on August 18, 1873.〔 John Muir made his first ascent on October 21, 1873, becoming the first person to climb the mountain from the east via the Mountaineers Route.〔 Seeing the demand for an eastern trail to the summit, the residents of Lone Pine raised the necessary funds to finance a pack-train route up the east side, which was completed on July 22, 1904.〔 The trail was engineered by Lone Pine resident Gustave F. Marsh—much of the trail is still in use today. The lower portion of the trail from Lone Pine to Whitney Portal was named a National Historic Trail by the Smithsonian Institution.〔 On March 16, 1872 at 2:30 am, Lone Pine experienced a violent earthquake that destroyed most of the town.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Lone Pine Chamber of Commerce )〕 At the time, the town consisted of 80 buildings made of mud and adobe; only 20 structures were left standing.〔 As a result of the quake, which formed Diaz Lake, a total of 26 people lost their lives.〔 A mass grave located just north of town commemorates the site of the main fault.〔 One of the few remaining structures predating the earthquake is the 21-inch thick "Old Adobe Wall" located in the alley behind La Florista, a local flower shop.〔 During the 1870s, Lone Pine was an important supply town for several nearby mining communities, including Kearsarge, Cerro Gordo, Keeler, Swansea, and Darwin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Lone Pine Chamber of Commerce )〕 The Cerro Gordo mine situated high in the Inyo Mountains was one of the most productive silver mines in California.〔 The silver was carried in ore buckets on a strong cable to Keeler, and then transported four miles northwest to smelter oven at Swanseas.〔 To supply the necessary building materials and fuel for these operations, a sawmill was constructed near Horseshoe Meadows by Colonel Sherman Stevens that produced wood for the smelters and the mines.〔 The wood was moved by flume to the valley, where it was burned in adobe kilns to make charcoal, which was then transported by steamships across Owens Lake to the smelters at Swansea, located about 12 miles south of Lone Pine.〔 Railroads played a major role in the development of Lone Pine and the Owens Valley. In 1883, the Carson and Colorado Railway line was constructed from Belleville, Nevada, across the White Mountains to Benton, and then down into the Owens Valley where it ended in Keeler.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Lone Pine Chamber of Commerce )〕 The arrival of the C&C rail line, with its engine "The Slim Princess", and the stagecoach in Keller had a major economic impact on the area. Twice a week, passengers arrived on the evening train, spent the night at the Lake View Hotel (later renamed the Hotel Keeler), and then took the stage the following morning to Mojave.〔 A short line to the north connected with the Virginia and Truckee Railroad line at Mound House, Nevada.〔 In 1920, the history of Lone Pine was dramatically altered when a movie production company came to the Alabama Hills to make the silent film ''The Roundup''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Lone Pine Chamber of Commerce )〕 Other companies soon discovered the scenic location, and in the coming decades, over 400 films, 100 television episodes, and countless commercials have used Lone Pine and the Alabama Hills as a film location.〔 Some of the notable films shot here in the 1920s and 1930s include ''Riders of the Purple Sage'' (1925) with Tom Mix, ''The Enchanted Hill'' (1926) with Jack Holt, ''Somewhere in Sonora'' (1927) with Ken Maynard, ''Blue Steel'' (1934) with John Wayne, ''Hop-Along Cassidy'' (1935) with William Boyd, ''The Charge of the Light Brigade'' (1936) with Errol Flynn, ''Oh, Susanna!'' (1936) with Gene Autry, ''Rhythm on the Range'' (1936) with Bing Crosby, ''The Cowboy and the Lady'' (1938) with Gary Cooper, ''Under Western Stars'' (1938) with Roy Rogers, and ''Gunga Din'' (1939) with Cary Grant. In the coming decades, Lone Pine and the Alabama Hills continued to be used as the setting for Western films, including ''West of the Pecos'' (1945) with Robert Mitchum, ''Thunder Mountain'' (1947) with Tim Holt, ''The Gunfighter'' (1950) with Gregory Peck, ''The Nevadan'' (1950) with Randolph Scott, ''Bad Day at Black Rock'' (1955) with Spencer Tracy, ''Hell Bent for Leather'' (1960) with Audie Murphy, ''How the West Was Won'' (1962) with James Stewart, ''Nevada Smith'' (1966) with Steve McQueen, ''Joe Kidd'' (1972) with Clint Eastwood, ''Maverick'' (1994) with Mel Gibson, and ''The Lone Ranger'' (2013) with Johnny Depp. Through the years, non-Western films also used the unique landscape of the area, including Alfred Hitchcock's ''Saboteur'' (1942) with Robert Cummings, ''Samson and Delilah'' (1949) with Hedy Lamarr, ''Star Trek V: The Final Frontier'' (1989) with William Shatner, ''Tremors'' (1990) with Kevin Bacon, ''The Postman'' (1997) with Kevin Costner, and ''Gladiator'' (2000) with Russell Crowe. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Roosevelt signed an executive order that required people of Japanese ancestry living along the Pacific coast to be placed into relocation camps.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Lone Pine Chamber of Commerce )〕 One of these camps, Manzanar, was built 7 miles north of Lone Pine. Initially constructed as a temporary center, it soon became the first permanent relocation center in the United States.〔 Set on 6,000 acres of land, the Manzanar detention facility consisted of 36 blocks of wooden barracks confined within a one-square mile area. The facility included agricultural use areas, a reservoir, an airport, a cemetery, and a sewage treatment plant.〔 The camp was enclosed by barbed wire fences and secured by guard towers.〔 The ten thousand Japanese American internees tried to establish some type of normal life, transforming the barracks by creating beautiful gardens and ponds and orchards.〔 Manzanar was the only relocation camp with an orphanage, caring for 101 children.〔〔Irwin, Catherine. "(Manzanar Children's Village )" ''Densho Encyclopedia'' (accessed 27 May 2014).〕 At the conclusion of the war in 1945, the camp was closed and many of the structures were sold at auction and removed. Some of the structures survived, however, and these, along with significant collections of photos, drawings, painting, and artifacts associated with Manzanar, became part of the Manzanar National Historic Site Interpretive Center.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lone Pine, California」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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